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Umberto Perego, "Selective mass scaling for solid-shell elements in explicit dynamics analyses"
In view of the current trends in the development of computing architectures, evolving in the direction of finer and finer parallelization, often with the aid of co-processors or graph- ics card units with limited availability of on-board memory, explicit dynamics methods for the solution of highly nonlinear structural problems are gaining increasing attention. As it is well known, however, explicit methods are only conditionally stable and may require extremely small time steps, approximately linearly decreasing in size with the smallest element geometrical dimension in the mesh. The problem is particularly evi- dent when solid-shell elements are employed, since they present a thickness which can be a small fraction of the element in-plane dimensions. Solid-shell elements are becoming increasingly popular as they make use of displacement degrees of freedom only and can naturally incorporate complex three-dimensional material behaviors, even though their use in explicit dynamics has been seldom considered, in view of this limitation on the critical time-step.
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