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Michael Ortiz, "Modelling and simulation of fracture and fragmentation"
Fracture often sets in motion processes of deformation and failure of great complexity. Examples of technical import include hydraulic fracture, in the quasistatic range, and hypervelocity impact, in the dynamic range. In these and similar examples, the fracture pattern can be exceedingly complex in geometry, topology and evolution. Thus, cracks may develop stochastically, branch and reconnect, thereby drastically modifying the topology of the solid. Even under quasistatic conditions, fracture patterns may involve fine microstructurewhen it fracture takes place under all-around compressive loads, e. g., in geological formations or in confined brittle solids. In addition, fracture is inevitably accompanied by processes of deformation and failure, e. g., at a crack tip, that involve extreme material behaviour. Finally, fracture is a multiscale phenomenon that is the net result of mechanisms playing out at the microscale, such as cleavage, void growth and crazing.
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